Inward continuation of the scalp potential distribution by means of the (vector) BEM

The vector Boundary Element Method (vBEM) is used for the calculation of a matrix that links the tangential components of the current density on the cortical and scalp surface. This so-called transfer matrix is compared to the transfer matrix that links the potential distribution on both surfaces. Forward and inverse calculations are performed to evaluate both types of transfer matrice

Axiomization of the center function on trees.

We give a new, short proof that four certain axiomatic properties uniquely define the center of a tree.

Generalized centrality in trees

In 1982, Slater defined path subgraph analogues to the center, median, and (branch or branchweight) centroid of a tree. We define three families of central substructures of trees, including three types of central subtrees of degree at most D that yield the center, median, and centroid for D = 0 and Slater's path analogues for D = 2. We generalize these results concerning paths and include proofs that each type of generalized center and generalized centroid is unique. We also present algorithms for finding one or all generalized central substructures of each type.

Axiomization of the center function on trees.

We give a new, short proof that four certain axiomatic properties uniquely define the center of a tree

Generalized centrality in trees

In 1982, Slater defined path subgraph analogues to the center, median, and (branch or branchweight) centroid of a tree. We define three families of central substructures of trees, including three types of central subtrees of degree at most D that yield the center, median, and centroid for D = 0 and Slater's path analogues for D = 2. We generalize these results concerning paths and include proofs that each type of generalized center and generalized centroid is unique. We also present algorithms for finding one or all generalized central substructures of each type

Singing: Resonance Between the Soul and the Body On the Unity of Different Music Styles and Singing States

This paper explores how a singer can arrive at the best singing state and how the singing state can best serve the expression of music styles through a discussion of the four elements of the singing state, namely physiological, psychological, cultural and technical elements. From an academic prospective, it gives a synthetic analysis on how a singer’s soul and skills can form a perfect unity with the expression of songs

Cortico-subthalamic connection predicts individual differences in value-driven choice bias

It has been suggested that a connection between the STN and value-sensitive areas of the prefrontal cortex might mediate value-based actions in perceptual decision making. In this study, we first seek to quantify a structural connection between the STN and a cortical region that was associated with mechanisms underlying bias in choice behavior (vmPFC). Next, we tested whether individual differences in the probabilistic tract-strength of this connection were predictive for individual differences in the magnitude of bias in a perceptual decision-making task. Probabilistic tractography was used to measure the tract-strength between the STN and the vmPFC. Bias was quantified using an accumulation-to-bound model where a shift in the starting point of the accumulation of sensory evidence causes faster and more choices for an alternative that is more likely or more valuable. Results show that vmPFC is structurally connected with the STN and that the strength of this connection is predictive for choice bias towards an alternative that is more valuable, but not for choice bias towards an alternative that is more likely. These findings confirm the involvement of the cortico-subthalamic circuit in mechanisms underlying value-based actions in perceptual decision making

Manual delineation approaches for direct imaging of the subcortex

The growing interest in the human subcortex is accompanied by an increasing number of parcellation procedures to identify deep brain structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrasts. Manual procedures continue to form the gold standard for parcellating brain structures and is used for the validation of automated approaches. Performing manual parcellations is a tedious process which requires a systematic and reproducible approach. For this purpose, we created a series of protocols for the anatomical delineation of 21 individual subcortical structures. The intelligibility of the protocols was assessed by calculating Dice similarity coefficients for ten healthy volunteers. In addition, dilated Dice coefficients showed that manual parcellations created using these protocols can provide high-quality training data for automated algorithms. Here, we share the protocols, together with three example MRI datasets and the created manual delineations. The protocols can be applied to create high-quality training data for automated parcellation procedures, as well as for further validation of existing procedures and are shared without restrictions with the research community.Action Contro